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Army Operations

Critical Thinking

Theory of critical thinking. Developed a process theory of critical thinking (CT) that attempted to blend concepts from philosophy, education, and psychology. Within this theory, CT is considered to be a stimulus-influenced "state" that is fundamentally aversive. People can be induced to engage in CT with greater frequency and at higher levels by making aspects of a stimulus message ambiguous, giving them additional time to process, and influencing context based on the meta-task (e.g., to understand the message, solve a problem, make a decision) they are given. Aspects of the theory were validated based on surveys of Army officers and selected research studies (Army Research Institute).

Web-based training for critical thinking. Developed the functional requirements for a series of web-based training modules to promote advanced critical thinking (CT) by Army battle command officers. Lessons learned in teaching critical thinking were derived from a review of civilian educational research literature and from a survey of instructors who teach CT to Army officers. The steps involved in establishing the functional requirements for web-based instruction included selecting a subset of core CT skills, performing a cognitive task analysis on core skills, identifying a key training concept or theme for each skill, and developing a syllabus of instruction (Army Research Institute).

Army Maintenance Performance

Organizational maintenance performance systems. Increased the effectiveness of Army maintenance at the operator and organizational levels. Considered the following primary elements: command emphasis, management information, management proficiency, application of resources, and technical proficiency. Developed and evaluated a computer-based information system compatible with field maintenance and training conditions. Provided information system, action-taking, training, and certification components. Conducted research on critical issues in the system development. (Army Research Institute)

Commander's maintenance guide. Developed and validated a management guide for organization-level maintenance within the Army; emphasized indicators of effective performance and corresponding actions to be taken by maintenance managers. (Army Training Board)

Armor Systems and Operations

System demonstration and evaluation of a soldier-machine interface. Planned, conducted, and evaluated a soldier-machine interface (SMI) for future armored vehicles. Provided proof of concept, particularly of system integration. Developed scenarios and scripts to showcase the most significant functional capabilities. Determined required modifications of current SMI capabilities. Determined data collection requirements and formats. Analyzed objective and subjective data and suggested appropriate conclusions and future directions. (Delco Systems Operations)

Informational processing model. Developed a soldier-machine information processing model for armored warfare. Surveyed Army agencies, explored technical advances, and examined operational modes. Prioritized human factors research and development for the vehicle integrated intelligence soldier-machine interface. (Vector Research, Inc.)

Vehicle integrated intelligence. Supported the development of the soldier-machine interface for integrated intelligence systems for advanced armored vehicles. Developed a scenario for demonstration of artificial intelligence and human factors features of the interface; completed analysis of tank platoon leader tasks; provided human factors engineering support to the design of displays, controls, and dialog; and designed and conducted evaluative studies. (Perceptronics, Inc.)

Armor map display system. Determined the extent to which tank commanders would be aided by a computer-generated topographic display for navigation and tactical decision making. Conducted interviews with the Command Staff and Doctrine Department at Fort Knox and participated in Situational Training Exercises. Analyzed deliberate attack and defense missions to determine the functions, tasks, and information items required for armor missions. Designed digital map capabilities to overcome the current shortcomings in orientation, trafficability analysis, overlay handling, weapon range arc determination, and battlefield position intervisibility computations. (Army Tank Automotive Command)


Map Interpretation and Terrain Analysis

Map-intepretation skills of combat infantrymen. Assessed the land navigation and map-interpretation knowledge and skill requirements of Army infantrymen; determined the utility of aviator-training technology for the training of infantrymen. (Army Research Institute)
Marine Corps land navigation and map interpretation for tactical warfare. Enriched the training that Marine infantrymen receive in land navigation and map interpretation by: identifying operational conditions, defining skill and knowledge requirements, defining methodological requirements, and developing and testing new techniques. (Navy Personnel Research and Development Center)

Terrain association algorithms. Defined the cognitive processes, abilities, and strategies that experienced military map users employ to perform the complex task of associating the contour-line portrayal of terrain relief with its real-world counterpart. Used the research results to formulate concepts and techniques for training novice map users to perform the terrain association tasks. (Office of Naval Research and the Marine Corps)



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